gma

Performs Granger mediation analysis (GMA) for time series. This package includes a single level GMA model and a two-level GMA model, for time series with hierarchically nested structure. The single level GMA model for the time series of a single participant performs the causal mediation analysis which integrates the structural equation modeling and the Granger causality frameworks. A vector autoregressive model of order p is employed to account for the spatiotemporal dependencies in the data. Meanwhile, the model introduces the unmeasured confounding effect through a nonzero correlation parameter. Under the two-level model, by leveraging the variabilities across participants, the parameters are identifiable and consistently estimated based on a full conditional likelihood or a two-stage method. See Zhao, Y., & Luo, X. (2017), Granger Mediation Analysis of Multiple Time Series with an Application to fMRI, for details.